Unicode System

Unicode is a universal international standard character encoding that is capable of representing most of the world's written languages.

Why java uses Unicode System?

Before Unicode, there were many language standards:

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) for the United States. ISO 8859-1 for Western European Language. KOI-8 for Russian. GB18030 and BIG-5 for chinese, and so on.

This caused two problems: A particular code value corresponds to different letters in the various language standards. The encodings for languages with large character sets have variable length.Some common characters are encoded as single bytes, other require two or more byte.

To solve these problems, a new language standard was developed i.e. Unicode System.

In unicode, character holds 2 byte, so java also uses 2 byte for characters.

lowest value:\u0000

highest value:\uFFFF

Java Tutorial

Java Tutorial or Core Java Tutorial or Java Programming Tutorial is a widely used robust technology. Let's start learning of java from basic questions like what is java tutorial, core java, where it is used, what type of applications are created in java and why use java. 

What is Java

Java is a programming language and a platform.

Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, is known as a platform. Since Java has its own runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called platform.

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Java Example

Let's have a quick look at java programming example. A detailed description of hello java example is given in next page.

1. class Simple{  
2.     public static void main(String args[]){  
3.      System.out.println("Hello Java");  
4.     }  
5. }  

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Where it is used?

According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are many devices where java is currently used. Some of them are as follows:

1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus etc.
2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games etc.

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Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 4 type of applications that can be created using java:

1) Standalone Application

It is also known as desktop application or window-based application. An application that we need to install on every machine such as media player, antivirus etc. AWT and Swing are used in java for creating standalone applications.

2) Web Application

An application that runs on the server side and creates dynamic page, is called web application. Currently, servlet, jsp, struts, jsf etc. technologies are used for creating web applications in java.

3) Enterprise Application

An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications etc. It has the advantage of high level security, load balancing and clustering. In java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.

4) Mobile Application

An application that is created for mobile devices. Currently Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile applications.

What's New in the .NET Framework 4.5?

This topic contains a summary of key new features and improvements in the following areas of the .NET Framework 4.5. This topic does not provide comprehensive information and is subject to change. For general information about the .NET Framework, see Getting Started with the .NET Framework. For supported platforms, see System Requirements. For download links and installation instructions, see Installing the .NET Framework 4.5.



.NET for Windows Store apps

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Windows Store apps are designed for specific form factors and leverage the power of the Windows operating system. A subset of the .NET Framework 4.5 is available for building Windows Store apps for Windows by using C# or Visual Basic. This subset is called .NET for Windows Store apps and is discussed in an overview in the Windows Dev Center.

Portable Class Libraries

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The Portable Class Library project in Visual Studio 2012 enables you to write and build managed assemblies that work on multiple .NET Framework platforms. Using a Portable Class Library project, you choose the platforms (such as Windows Phone and .NET for Windows Store apps) to target. The available types and members in your project are automatically restricted to the common types and members across these platforms.

Core New Features and Improvements

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The following features and improvements were added to the common language runtime and to .NET Framework classes:

• Ability to reduce system restarts by detecting and closing .NET Framework 4 applications during deployment. See Reducing System Restarts During .NET Framework 4.5 Installations.
  
• Support for arrays that are larger than 2 gigabytes (GB) on 64-bit platforms. This feature can be enabled in the application configuration file. See the gcAllowVeryLargeObjects element, which also lists other restrictions on object size and array size.
  
• Better performance through background garbage collection for servers. When you use server garbage collection in the .NET Framework 4.5, background garbage collection is automatically enabled. See the Background Server Garbage Collection section of the Fundamentals of Garbage Collection topic.
  
• Background just-in-time (JIT) compilation, which is optionally available on multi-core processors to improve application performance. See ProfileOptimization.
  
• Ability to limit how long the regular expression engine will attempt to resolve a regular expression before it times out. See the Regex.MatchTimeout property.
  
• Ability to define the default culture for an application domain. See the CultureInfo class.
  
• Console support for Unicode (UTF-16) encoding. See the Console class.
  
• Support for versioning of cultural string ordering and comparison data. See the SortVersion class.
  
• Better performance when retrieving resources. See Packaging and Deploying Resources in Desktop Apps.
  
• Zip compression improvements to reduce the size of a compressed file. See the System.IO.Compression namespace.
  
• Ability to customize a reflection context to override default reflection behavior through the CustomReflectionContext class.
  
• Support for the 2008 version of the Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) standard when the System.Globalization.IdnMapping class is used on Windows 8.
  
• Delegation of string comparison to the operating system, which implements Unicode 6.0, when the .NET Framework is used on Windows 8. When running on other platforms, the .NET Framework includes its own string comparison data, which implements Unicode 5.x. See the String class and the Remarks section of the SortVersion class.
• Type reflection support split between Type and TypeInfo classes. See Reflection in the .NET Framework for Windows Store Apps.
  
  

Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF)

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The Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF) provides the following new features:

• Support for generic types.
  
• Convention-based programming model that enables you to create parts based on naming conventions rather than attributes.
  
• Multiple scopes.
  
• A subset of MEF that you can use when you create Windows Store apps. This subset is available as a downloadable package from the NuGet Gallery. To install the package, open your project in Visual Studio 2012, choose Manage NuGet Packages from the Project menu, and search online for the Microsoft.Composition package.
   

Asynchronous File Operations

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In the .NET Framework 4.5, new asynchronous features were added to the C# and Visual Basic languages. These features add a task-based model for performing asynchronous operations. To use this new model, use the asynchronous methods in the I/O classes. See Asynchronous File I/O.
 

Tools

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Resource File Generator (Resgen.exe) enables you to create a .resw file for use in Windows Store apps from a .resources file embedded in a .NET Framework assembly. For more information, see Resgen.exe (Resource File Generator).
Managed Profile Guided Optimization (Mpgo.exe) enables you to improve application startup time, memory utilization (working set size), and throughput by optimizing native image assemblies. The command-line tool generates profile data for native image application assemblies. See Mpgo.exe (Managed Profile Guided Optimization Tool).

Parallel Computing

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The .NET Framework 4.5 provides several new features and improvements for parallel computing. These include improved performance, increased control, improved support for asynchronous programming, a new dataflow library, and improved support for parallel debugging and performance analysis. See the entry What’s New for Parallelism in .NET 4.5 in the Parallel Programming with .NET blog.

Web

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ASP.NET 4.5 includes the following new features:

• Support for new HTML5 form types.
  
• Support for model binders in Web Forms. These let you bind data controls directly to data-access methods, and automatically convert user input to and from .NET Framework data types.
  
• Support for unobtrusive JavaScript in client-side validation scripts.
  
• Improved handling of client script through bundling and minification for improved page performance.
  
• Integrated encoding routines from the AntiXSS library (previously an external library) to protect from cross-site scripting attacks.
  
• Support for WebSockets protocol.
  
• Support for reading and writing HTTP requests and responses asynchronously.
  
• Support for asynchronous modules and handlers.
  
• Support for content distribution network (CDN) fallback in the ScriptManager control.
  

Networking

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The .NET Framework 4.5 provides a new programming interface for HTTP applications. For more information, see the new System.Net.Http and System.Net.Http.Headers namespaces.
Support is also included for a new programming interface for accepting and interacting with a WebSocket connection by using the existing HttpListener and related classes. For more information, see the new System.Net.WebSockets namespace and the HttpListener class.
In addition, the .NET Framework 4.5 includes the following networking improvements:

• RFC-compliant URI support. For more information, see Uri and related classes.
  
• Support for Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) parsing. For more information, see Uri and related classes.
  
• Support for Email Address Internationalization (EAI). For more information, see the System.Net.Mail namespace.
  
• Improved IPv6 support. For more information, see the System.Net.NetworkInformation namespace.
  
• Dual-mode socket support. For more information, see the Socket and TcpListener classes.
  

Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)

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In the .NET Framework 4.5, Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) contains changes and improvements in the following areas:

• The new Ribbon control, which enables you to implement a ribbon user interface that hosts a Quick Access Toolbar, Application Menu, and tabs.
  
• The new INotifyDataErrorInfo interface, which supports synchronous and asynchronous data validation.
  
• New features for the VirtualizingPanel and Dispatcher classes.
  
• Improved performance when displaying large sets of grouped data, and by accessing collections on non-UI threads.
  
• Data binding to static properties, data binding to custom types that implement the ICustomTypeProvider interface, and retrieval of data binding information from a binding expression.
  
• Repositioning of data as the values change (live shaping).
  
• Ability to check whether the data context for an item container is disconnected.
  
• Ability to set the amount of time that should elapse between property changes and data source updates.
  
• Improved support for implementing weak event patterns. Also, events can now accept markup extensions.
  

Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)

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In the .NET Framework 4.5, the following features have been added to make it simpler to write and maintain Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) applications:

• Simplification of generated configuration files.
  
• Support for contract-first development.
  
• Ability to configure ASP.NET compatibility mode more easily.
  
• Changes in default transport property values to reduce the likelihood that you will have to set them.
  
• Updates to the XmlDictionaryReaderQuotas class to reduce the likelihood that you will have to manually configure quotas for XML dictionary readers.
  
• Validation of WCF configuration files by Visual Studio as part of the build process, so you can detect configuration errors before you run your application.
  
• New asynchronous streaming support.
  
• New HTTPS protocol mapping to make it easier to expose an endpoint over HTTPS with Internet Information Services (IIS).
  
• Ability to generate metadata in a single WSDL document by appending ?singleWSDL to the service URL.
  
• Websockets support to enable true bidirectional communication over ports 80 and 443 with performance characteristics similar to the TCP transport.
  
• Support for configuring services in code.
  
• XML Editor tooltips.
  
• ChannelFactory caching support.
  
• Binary encoder compression support.
  
• Support for a UDP transport that enables developers to write services that use "fire and forget" messaging. A client sends a message to a service and expects no response from the service.
  
• Ability to support multiple authentication modes on a single WCF endpoint when using the HTTP transport and transport security.
  
• Support for WCF services that use internationalized domain names (IDNs).
  

 

Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)

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Several new features have been added to Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) in the .NET Framework 4.5. These new features include:

• State machine workflows, which were first introduced as part of the .NET Framework 4.0.1 (.NET Framework 4 Platform Update 1). This update included several new classes and activities that enabled developers to create state machine workflows. These classes and activities were updated for the .NET Framework 4.5 to include:
  
  • The ability to set breakpoints on states.
    
  • The ability to copy and paste transitions in the workflow designer.
    
  • Designer support for shared trigger transition creation.
    
  • Activities for creating state machine workflows, including: StateMachine, State, and Transition.
    
• Enhanced Workflow Designer features such as the following:
  
  • Enhanced workflow search capabilities in Visual Studio, including Quick Find and Find in Files.
    
  • Ability to automatically create a Sequence activity when a second child activity is added to a container activity, and to include both activities in the Sequence activity.
    
  • Panning support, which enables the visible portion of a workflow to be changed without using the scroll bars.
    
  • A new Document Outline view that shows the components of a workflow in a tree-style outline view and lets you select a component in the Document Outline view.
    
  • Ability to add annotations to activities.
    
  • Ability to define and consume activity delegates by using the workflow designer.
    
  • Auto-connect and auto-insert for activities and transitions in state machine and flowchart workflows.
    
• Storage of the view state information for a workflow in a single element in the XAML file, so you can easily locate and edit the view state information.
  
• A NoPersistScope container activity to prevent child activities from persisting.
  
• Support for C# expressions:
  
  • Workflow projects that use Visual Basic will use Visual Basic expressions, and C# workflow projects will use C# expressions.
    
  • C# workflow projects that were created in Visual Studio 2010 and that have Visual Basic expressions are compatible with C# workflow projects that use C# expressions.
    
• Versioning enhancements:
  
  • The new WorkflowIdentity class, which provides a mapping between a persisted workflow instance and its workflow definition.
    
  • Side-by-side execution of multiple workflow versions in the same host, including WorkflowServiceHost.
    
  • In Dynamic Update, the ability to modify the definition of a persisted workflow instance.
    
• Contract-first workflow service development, which provides support for automatically generating activities to match an existing service contract.